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"Where there are no guarantees of property there are no limits to state authority and no regulatory bodies of law, and hence no guarantee of individual liberty, or civil rights".

Richard Pipes




23.07.07, Council of Europe, “Victims of human rights violations deserve more” Torturers and others who violate human rights should be brought to account – at the same time, we should not forget the victims. What they have gone through tends in many cases to cause distressing trauma, disruption of everyday life and destruction of the future. Justice requires that redress is achieved for the victims.

Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Situation of longstanding refugees and displaced persons in South East Europe. Recommendation 1802 (2007)The Parliamentary Assembly has been following the humanitarian situation of refugees and displaced persons in South-east Europe since the very beginning of the armed conflict in the region.

PACE strongly condemns crimes of totalitarian communist regimes. PACE Press release. Strasbourg, 25.01.2006 – The Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly (PACE) strongly condemned the massive human rights violations committed by totalitarian communist regimes and expressed sympathy, understanding and recognition for the victims of these crimes.

Parliamentary Assembly: Resolution 1481 (2006)1
Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian communist regimes. The Parliamentary Assembly refers to its Resolution 1096 (1996) on measures to dismantle the heritage of the former communist totalitarian systems.


Further information, please contact:
Ms. Alexandra Mareschi
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Memorandums and Essays

Conclusions of the White Paper as a Base for the Regulation of the Property Rights by Nerio Marino 2007

Property Report Part I

Property Report Part II

March 2007, Handbook on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons, Implementing the ‘Pinheiro Principles’

Nelly Psarrou, The Greek diaspora in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union

The Contemporary Right to Property Restitution in the Context of Transitional Justice

04.07.2007 European Rule of Law in Danger: If Property Rights are the Foundation of a Free Society, Are Europe’s Former Communist States Free?
Ljubo Sirc CBE, IEA Discussion Paper No. 16, 4 July 2007 Institute of Economic Affairs, London


Katrin Frauenkron, Forced Evictions und das Recht auf Wohnung

Rhodri C. Williams, Post-Conflict Property Restitution in Bosnia: Balancing Reparations and Durable Solutions in the Aftermath of Displacement

13.11.2006, Dr. Federico Sperotto, Beyond Bankovic: Extraterritorial Application of the European Convention on Human Rights

Alexandra Mareschi - 06.11.2006
UN Pinheiro Principles - restorative justice


Alexandra Mareschi - 15.10.2006
Property Rights are Human Rights


Menno T. Kamminga, Towards a Permanent International Claims Commission for Victims of Violations of International Humanitarian Law

Ana Peyro Llopis, The Place of International Law in Recent Supreme Court Decisions

Michael D. Murray, Jurisdiction Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act For Nazi War Crimes of Plunder and Expropriation

Mark J. Chorazak,Clarity and Confusion: Did Republic of Austria v. Altmann Revive State Department Suggestions of Foreign Sovereign Immunity?

Online human rights archive, Motion for Leave to file Brief Amici Curiae

Statement by Rhodri C. Williams, Consultant Brookings Institution-University of Bern Project on Internal Displacement Property Compensation: Observations on Turkey’s Compensation Law No. 5233 In International Context

Alexandra Mareschi - January 2006
The European Court of Human Rights and the Restoration of Property Rights after the Fall of Totalitarian Regimes


Dr. Ljubo Sirc - December 2005
On sleeping with the enemies: Security exposures of expanding NATO to nations with Communist heritage


Review of the Working Methods of the European Court of Human Rights, December 2005, The right Honourable The Lord Woolf

Press Poland To Pass Property-Restitution Law, By Marilyn Henry, November 25, 2005

Alexandra Mareschi - October 2005
Property seizures in the 20th and 21st century


Land, housing and property restitution after conflict: principles and practice By Conor Foley, consultant, and Ingunn Sofie Aursnes, formerly Norwegian Refugee Council In August 2005

Alexandra Mareschi, Imperfect justice - August 2005 / 31.08.2005

Restitution of Property, The TransAtlantic Assembly, Thursday, July 07, 2005

04.07.2005, Leopold von Carlowitz, A Universal Human Right of Property for Refugees and Displaced Persons?

March 2005, Refugee Studies Centre Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford, Megan Bradley, The Conditions of Just Return: State Responsibility and Restitution for Refugees

Karyn Becker, United Nations Far West. Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing

The Jerusalem Fund, “Re-claiming Palestine: The Legal Basis for Rights of Return and Restitution”

Policy Research Group, Department of Agricultural Economics, K.U.Leuven,Johan F.M. Swinnen, AN EXPLANATION OF LAND REFORM CHOICES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

Ethics, Law and Heritage, Dr. Guido Carducci, UNESCO, ICON News 3/2005

Polish Restitution Case Could Set Precedent, Lauren Elkin Special to the Jewish Times February 24, 2005

Rybnà 9, Praha 1: Restitution and Memory in International Human Rights Law, Patrick Macklem, 2005

Ian Vásquez: The Central Role of Economic Freedom in Democracy

Benjamin Powell: Private Property Rights, Economic Freedom and Well Being

Ágnes Peresztegi, Reparation for holocaust-era human rights violations

Centre for Research into Post-Communist Economies

Wilfried Fiedler: Safeguarding of cultural property during occupation - modifications of the Hague Convention of 1907 by World War II?

September 2004, OECD, "Indirect Expropriation” and the “Right to Regulate” in International Investment Law

Arjun Gupta, A Portrait of Justice Deferred:Retroactive Application of the Fsia and its Implications for Holocaust Era Art Restitution. Republic of Austria v. Altmann, 124 S. CT. 2240 (2004).

Jurisdiction under the foreign sovereign immunities Act for Nazi war crimes of plunder and expropriation, Michael D. Murray, 23.11.2004

Vladislav Bevc, Ph.D. Executive Officer American Owners of Property in Slovenia - 24.08.2004, "War echos"

Alexandra Mareschi - July 2004
Unresolved Property restitution claims in Eastern Europe in contrast to a proposal solving the Cyprus problem


April 27, 2004, Library of Congress: Revelations from the Russian Archives

Anna Seleny, The Fletcher School: The Political Face of Communism and the Economic Institutions of State Socialism"

May 2003, by Ljubo Sirc CBE, Centre for Research into Post-Communist Economies CRCE BRIEFING: Communists Favour World Disorder

Wouter Veraart, December 30, 2002, Yad Vashem – The International Conference on Confronting History: The Historical Commissions of Inquiry

Housing and property restitution in the context of refugees and other displaced persons, United Nations, Sub-Commission on Human Rights resolution 2002/7

Richard Pipes: Private Property, Freedom, and the Rule of Law, 2001

24.09.2001 Seminar: Russia, Archives and Restitution, International Institute of Social History Amsterdam

26 June 2001,Ljubo Sirc CBE, Centre for Research into Post-Communist Economies A CRCE Seminar Briefing: Privatisation and Private Property.

Alexandra Mareschi, Memorandum - December 2000 / 23.11.2000

Alexandra Mareschi - 31.07.2000
Property Rights - the duty to restitute or adequately compensate WWII and post WWII confiscations


Russia: Atrophy Archives - An Update of Restitution Issues, Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University

Private Insurers & Unpaid Holocaust-era Insurance Claims, April 30, 1999

1994 Drazen Petrovic, Ethnic Cleansing - An Attempt at Methodology.

Marko Simoneti, A Comparative Review of Privatisation Strategies in Four Former Socialist Countries Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.45, N. 1. (1993), pp. 79-102






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