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"Before the law sits a gatekeeper. To this gatekeeper comes a man from the country who asks to gain entry into the law. But the gatekeeper says that he cannot grant him entry at the moment. The man thinks about it and then asks if he will be allowed to come in later on. “It is possible,” says the gatekeeper, “but not now.”.....

Before the Law. Franz Kafka.




23.07.07, Council of Europe, “Victims of human rights violations deserve more” Torturers and others who violate human rights should be brought to account – at the same time, we should not forget the victims. What they have gone through tends in many cases to cause distressing trauma, disruption of everyday life and destruction of the future. Justice requires that redress is achieved for the victims.

Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Situation of longstanding refugees and displaced persons in South East Europe. Recommendation 1802 (2007)The Parliamentary Assembly has been following the humanitarian situation of refugees and displaced persons in South-east Europe since the very beginning of the armed conflict in the region.

PACE strongly condemns crimes of totalitarian communist regimes. PACE Press release. Strasbourg, 25.01.2006 – The Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly (PACE) strongly condemned the massive human rights violations committed by totalitarian communist regimes and expressed sympathy, understanding and recognition for the victims of these crimes.

Parliamentary Assembly: Resolution 1481 (2006)1
Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian communist regimes. The Parliamentary Assembly refers to its Resolution 1096 (1996) on measures to dismantle the heritage of the former communist totalitarian systems.


Further information, please contact:
Ms. Alexandra Mareschi
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ProJusticia - Archive

NATIONAL LAWS PROTECTING PROPERTY RIGHTS

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS:

27.11.2007 The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), CASE OF URBÁRSKA OBEC TRENCIANSKE BISKUPICE v. SLOVAKIA, (Application no. 74258/01)

23.10.2007 The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), CASE OF GJONBOCARI AND OTHERS v. ALBANIA, (Application no. 10508/02)

15.03.2007 The European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), CASE OF VELIKOVI AND OTHERS v. BULGARIA, (Applications nos. 43278/98, 45437/99, 48014/99, 48380/99, 51362/99, 53367/99, 60036/00, 73465/01, and 194/02)

06.03.2007 European Court of Human Rights, Apostolidi vs Turkey

09.01.2007 European Court of Human Rights, Affaire Fener Rum Erkek Lisesi Vakfi C. Turquie, Requête no 34478/9

07.12.2006 European Court of Human Rights, Case of Xenides-Arestis v. Turkey, Application no. 46347/99

22.08.2006 European Court of Human Rights, CASE OF BESHIRI AND OTHERS v. ALBANIA Application no. 7352/03.

27.07.2006, (Requête no 38467/03), Rabinovici vs Romania

29.06.2006, (Requête no 12728/03), Jujescu vs Romania

06.04.2006 Strasbourg, Grand Chamber, Case of Popovici And Dumitrescu v. Romania

13.12.2005 Application no. 17120/04 by Josef BERGAUER and 89 Others against the Czech Republic, The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section)

01.12.2005, (Requête no 63252/00), Paduraru vs Romania

17.11.2005 Application no. 54998/00 by Uwe BALLERSTEDT and Others against Germany, The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section)

CASE OF J.S. AND A.S. v. POLAND (Application no. 40732/98), 24 May 2005

Application no. 194/02 by Dimitar and Zvezda NIKOLOVI against Bulgaria, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting on 12 May 2005

Application no. 73465/01 by Regina and Konstantin TZILEVI against Bulgaria, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting on 12 May 2005

Application no. 60036/00 by Stoiko and Maria BOGDANOVI against Bulgaria, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting on 12 May 2005

Application no. 45437/99 by Nadejda WULPE against Bulgaria, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting on 12 May 2005

Application no. 67723/01 by Oskar PÕDER and Others against Estonia, The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting on 4 January and 26 April 2005

496 / 28.9.2005 / Press release issued by the Registrar: GRAND CHAMBER FRIENDLY SETTLEMENT JUDGMENT BRONIOWSKI v. POLAND

360 / 30.6.2005 / Press release issued by the Registrar: GRAND CHAMBER JUDGMENT JAHN AND OTHERS v. GERMANY

162 / 30.3.2005 / Press release issued by the Registrar: INADMISSIBILITY DECISION VON MALTZAN AND OTHERS, VON ZITZEWITZ & OTHERS AND MAN FERROSTAAL & ALFRED TÖPFER STIFTUNG v. GERMANY

29.06.2004, European Court of Human Rights, Case of Dogan and Others v. Turkey, (application no. 8803-8811/02, 8813/02 and 8815-8819/02)

06.03.2003 The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), CASE OF JASIUNIENE v. LITHUANIA, (Application no. 41510/98)

525 / 12.7.2001 / Press release issued by the Registrar: JUDGMENT IN THE CASE OF MALHOUS v. THE CZECH REPUBLIC

526 / 12.07.2000 / Communiqué du Greffier: ARRÊT DANS L’AFFAIRE PRINCE HANS-ADAM II DE LIECHTENSTEIN c. ALLEMAGNE

592 / 28.10.99 / Press release issued by the Registrar: JUDGMENT IN THE CASE OF BRUMARESCU v. ROMANIA

517 / 29.7.1998: ARRÊT DANS L’AFFAIRE LOIZIDOU c. TURQUIE, (ARTICLE 50)

COUNCIL OF EUROPE:

28.03.2008, PACE President wishes to incorporate the right to a healthy environment in the European Convention on Human Rights

25.03.2008, Cyprus : PACE ready to support negotiations under UN auspices


CSCE:

December 19th, 2005, U.S. HELSINKI COMMISSION SEEKS ACTION ON NAZI, COMMUNIST-ERA PROPERTY RESTITUTION

Property Restitution in Central and Eastern Europe, U.S. Department of State

January 20th, 2004 HELSINKI COMMISSIONERS RENEW CALL FOR PROPERTY COMPENSATION IN ADVANCE OF BUSH-KWASNIEWSKI MEETING

Summary of Property Restitution in Central and Eastern Europe, Submitted to the U.S. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe On the Occasion of a Briefing Presented to the Commission by Ambassador Randolph M. Bell, US Department of State, September 10, 2003

September 4th, 2003 HELSINKI COMMISSION BRIEFING TO EXAMINE PROPERTY RESTITUTION AND COMPENSATION IN POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE

October 10th, 2002 www.csce.gov PROPERTY RESTITUTION EFFORTS EXAMINED By Maureen T. Walsh, CSCE General Counsel

CSCE, April 3rd, 2001 HELSINKI COMMISSION MEMBERS URGE MOVEMENT ON CZECH-AMERICAN PROPERTY RESTITUTION Urge Czech Government to Right Injustices and End Discrimination

CSCE, January 11th, 2000 HELSINKI COMMISSIONER RELEASES LETTER TO POLISH AMBASSADOR ON PROPERTY RESTITUTION

Washington, Monday, March 15, 1999 No. 0, House of Representatives, PROPERTY RESTITUTION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC, Monday, March 15, 1999 RESTITUTION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC, HON. CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH

CSCE, March 15th, 1999 COMMISSION HEARING ANNOUNCED, THE LONG ROAD HOME: STRUGGLING FOR PROPERTY RIGHTS IN POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE

Washington, Tuesday, October 13, 1998 No. 145 House of Representatives CONCERNING PROPERTIES WRONGFULLY EXPROPRIATED BY FORMERLY TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENTS Tuesday, October 13, 1998, Honorable Christopher H. Smith


EUROPEAN COMMISSION:

Second report on the application of Counsil Directive 93/7/EEC on the return of cultural objects uplawfully removed from the territory of a Member State, 21.12.2005


EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT:

Restitution of private properties in eastern and central Europe 2007/S 149-184533, Contract notice

20.07.2006, Committee on Foreign Affairs, REPORT: on EU-China Relations (2005/2161(INI))

Legan Opinion on the Benes-Decrees and the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union, 10-2002


UN REPORT:

28.03.1928, Reports Of International Arbitral Awards, Anton Pentz (United States) v. Austria, Hungary, and Austro-Hungarian Bank

UNCHR:(United Nations Commission on Human Rights)

Eastern Europe UNCHR Report 2006


THE UN COMMITTEE OF HUMAN RIGHTS:

Communication No. 1054/2002 : Czech Republic. 18/11/2005. CCPR/C/85/D/1054/2002. (Jurisprudence)

Communication No 1188/2003 : Germany. 11/11/2004. CCPR/C/82/D/1188/2003.

Communication No 1106/2002 : Hungary. 28/04/2004. CCPR/C/80/D/1106/2002.

Communication No 757/1997 : Czech Republic. 09/12/2002. CCPR/C/76/D/757/1997.

516 / 1992, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/54/D/516/1992 (1995) Simunek, Hastings, Tuzilova and Prochazka v. The Czech Republic

823 / 1998, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/83/D/823/1998 (2005) Mr. Rudolf Czernin v. Czech Republic

945 / 2000: Czech Republic. 04/08/2005: CCPR/C/84/D/945/2000, Marik v. Czech Republic

857 / 1999: Czech Republic. 09/08/2001, CCPR/C/72/D/857/1999, Hartman v Czech


UN OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

28.11.2006 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 40 OF THE COVENANT

19.10.2006 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 9 OF THE CONVENTION, Ukraine

25.07.2006 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THE CONVENTION, GEORGIA

24.05.2006 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 40 OF THE COVENANT

24.03.2006 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: SPECIFIC GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS: MASS EXODUSES AND DISPLACED PERSONS, MISSION TO GEORGIA

24.03.2006 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: SPECIFIC GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS: MASS EXODUSES AND DISPLACED PERSONS

09.01.2006 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: specific groups and individuals: mass exoduses and displaced persons. Mission to Serbia and Montenegro

09.01.2006 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: specific groups and individuals: mass exoduses and displaced persons. Mission to Serbia and Montenegro.

07.01.2006 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: SPECIFIC GROUP AND INDIVIDUALS: MASS EXODUSES AND DISPLACED PERSONS. MISSION TO NEPAL

29.12.2005 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: SPECIFIC GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS: MASS EXODUSES AND DISPLACED PERSONS

04.05.2004 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 40 OF THE COVENANT

26.06.2003 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: consideration of reports submitted by states parties under articles 16 and 17 of the covenant

25.09.2002 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: EXAMEN DES RAPPORTS PRÉSENTÉS PAR LES ÉTATS PARTIES EN VERTU DE L’ARTICLE 40 DU PACTE

05.12.2001 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: consideration of reports submitted by states parties UNDER ARTICLES 16 AND 17 OF THE Covenant, Croatia

27.08.2001 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE: CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 40 OF THE COVENANT, CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, Czech Republic


INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE:

Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania)

Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany)

Case of the monetary gold removed from Rome in 1943, Judgment of 15 June 1954

Legal consequences of the costruction of a wall in the occupied Palestinian territory


SUPREME COURT:

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

United District Court, Central District of Los Angeles. Maria Altman, Case No.00-08913 FMC

Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

15.01.2006 Maria V. Altmann, Francis Gutmann, Trevor Mantle, and George Bentley, Dr. Nelly Auersperg against the Republic of Austria

Republic of Austria et al. v. Altmann.


US HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:

MARCH 16, 2006, 109TH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION MONITORING RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AROUND THE WORLD: A REVIEW OF THE ‘COUNTRY REPORTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES FOR 2005’


FEDERAL COURT DECISIONS:

5 German Law Journal No. 1 (1 January 2004) - Public Law, Compensation Claims for Human Rights Breaches Committed by German Armed Forces Abroad During the Second World War: Federal Court of Justice Hands Down Decision in the Distomo Case, by Sabine Pittrof


US DISTRICT COURT:

The Paquete Habana, 44 L.Ed. 320 (1900)


US CIRCUIT COURT:

18.04.2005 Court clears way for suit against the Vatican Bank for Nazi gold


US STATE DEPARTMENT:

03.10.2007, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Property Restitution in Central and Eastern Europe

26.07.2006 Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Summary of Property Restitution in Central and Eastern Europe

Property Restitution in Central and Eastern Europe, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs


US BILLS:

16.02.2005 H.R.857 In the House of Representatives: A Bill to amend the International Claims Settlement Act of 1949

15.06.2006 S.3520 to amend the International Claims Settelement Act of 1949


GERMAN FEDERAL COURT:

5 German Law Journal No. 1 (1 January 2004) - Public Law Compensation Claims for Human Rights Breaches Committed by German Armed Forces Abroad During the Second World War: Federal Court of Justice Hands Down Decision in the Distomo Case


SUPREME NATIONAL TRIBUNAL POLAND:

CASE No. 85, TRIAL OF DR. JOSEPH BUHLER, Staatssekretär and Deputy Governor-General
SUPREME NATIONAL TRIBUNAL OF POLAND, 17th June — 10th July, 1948



TREATIES:

The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Treaty of Amity and Commerce Between His Majesty the King of Prussia, and the United States of America; September 10, 1785

Armistice text, I. Military Clauses on Western Front, The armistice treaty between the Allies and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in woods near Compiègne on November 11, 1918, Archive new subtitle European Parliament

Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Devember 15, 2005, by H.E. Kazimierz Marcienkiewic

Paris Peace Treaty 1947

The Berlin (Potsdam) Conference, 17.07-02.08.1945

Kellog-Briand Pact 27.08.1928

Versaille Treaty 28.06.1919


DECLARATIONS:

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 10.12.1948

Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power 29.11.1985

Declaration of the UN 01.01.1942


HUMAN RIGHT BILLS:

Britannia Home, Magna Carta The Great Charter of English liberty granted (under considerable duress) by King John at Runnymede on June 15, 1215

Britannia Historical Documents, Petition of Right, 1628

Habeas Corpus Act 1679

The Declaration of Idependence, IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776 The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America

Virginia Bill of Rights (June 12, 1776), Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht, Prof. Dr. Horst Dreier, 4. April 2001

Déclaration des Droits de l'homme et du citoyen du 26 août 1789


CONVENTIONS:

UN Convention 15.12.1989

UN Convention 03.12.1973

UN Convention 26.11.1968

UN Convention 16.12.1966

UN Convention 16.12.1966

UN Convention 16.12.1966

Hague Convention 18.10.1907


LAWS FOR GERMANY:

London agreement 08.08.1945

Nuremberg Charter 08.08.1945

Nuremberg Trial, Control Council law No. 10, 30.10.1943


VENICE COMMISSION:

13.05.2006 Strasbourg, Venice Commission: Law of Georgia on Property Restitution and Compensation on the territory of Georgia for the Victims of Conflict in Former South Ossetia District




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